James L. Payne is a Research Fellow at the Independent Institute and Director of Lytton Research and Analysis and author of the books, A History of Force: Exploring the Worldwide Movement Against Habits of Coercion, Bloodshed, and Mayhem, Why Nations Arm, The Culture of Spending, Costly Returns, Overcoming Welfare: Expecting More from the Poor—and From Ourselves, Budgeting in Neverland: Irrational Policymaking in the U.S. Congress, Patterns of Conflict in Colombia, and Labor and Politics in Peru. Dr. Payne received his Ph.D. in political science from the University of California at Berkeley, and he has taught political science at Yale University, Wesleyan University, Johns Hopkins University, and Texas A & M University. His articles have appeared in The Independent Review, American Conservative, American Spectator, The Freeman, Policy Review, Reason, and other magazines and journals.